UVa 713. Adding Reversed Numbers

UVa 713: Adding Reversed Numbers is a straight-forward problem that can be solved using an ad-hoc algorithm. We have discussed a similar problem in a previous blog-post. However, this problem imposes following additional constraint—numbers will be at most 200 characters long–which necessitates the use of BigInteger. Following Java code shows such an ad-hoc algorithm that solves this problem by considering the stated constraints.

	import java.io.PrintWriter;
	import java.math.BigInteger;
	import java.util.Scanner;

	class Main {

	private final Scanner in;
	private final PrintWriter out;

	public Main(){
	in = new Scanner(System.in);
	out = new PrintWriter(System.out, true);
	}

	public Main(Scanner in, PrintWriter out){
	this.in = in;
	this.out = out;
	}

	private static BigInteger bigIntAfterRemovingTrailingZeros(String num){
	int nonZeroIndex=num.length()-1;
	for (; nonZeroIndex>=0; nonZeroIndex--){
	if (num.charAt(nonZeroIndex) != '0'){
	break;
	}
	}
	return new BigInteger(num.substring(0, nonZeroIndex+1));

	}

	private static BigInteger[] readLineAsBigInts(String input){
	String [] ints = input.trim().split(" ");
	BigInteger [] rets = new BigInteger[2];

	rets[0] = bigIntAfterRemovingTrailingZeros(ints[0]);
	rets[1] = bigIntAfterRemovingTrailingZeros(ints[1]);

	return rets;
	}

	private static BigInteger reversedBigInt(BigInteger num1){
	BigInteger reversedNum = BigInteger.ZERO;
	final int _REM = 1;
	final int _QUOTIENT = 0;

	while (num1.compareTo(BigInteger.ZERO)>0){
	BigInteger [] results = num1.divideAndRemainder(BigInteger.TEN);

	reversedNum = reversedNum.add(results[_REM]);
	if(num1.compareTo(BigInteger.TEN)>=0)
	reversedNum =reversedNum.multiply(BigInteger.TEN);

	num1 = results[_QUOTIENT];
	}

	return reversedNum;
	}

	private static BigInteger getAddRevNumbers(BigInteger num1, BigInteger num2){
	return reversedBigInt(reversedBigInt(num1).add(reversedBigInt(num2)));
	}

	public void run(){
	final int T = Integer.parseInt(in.nextLine().trim()); // no of test cases
	BigInteger [] numbers;

	for (int testCase = 0 ; testCase< T ; testCase++){
	numbers = readLineAsBigInts(in.nextLine());// read input
	out.println(getAddRevNumbers(numbers[0], numbers[1]));// print result
	}
	}

	public static void main(String[] args) {
	Main uva713Solver = new Main();
	uva713Solver.run();
	}

	}

view raw uva713.java hosted with ❤ by GitHub

Please leave a comment if you have any question. Thanks.

The UVa 102: Ecological Bin Packing can be solved using brute-force search, as outlined in the following Java code snippet. Note that, the primary function getOPTConfiguration iterates over all possible bin arrangements, and determines the arrangement that requires minimum bottle moves for a given problem instance.

	import java.io.PrintWriter;
	import java.util.Scanner;

	class Main {

	private Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
	private PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(System.out, true);

	private char[] types;
	private int[][] permutations;

	private static final int _NO_OF_BINS = 3;
	private static final int _BOTTLE_TYPES = 3;

	private int optMoveCount;
	private String optPermutation;


	public Main(){
	types = new char[]{'B','G','C'};
	permutations = new int[][] {
	{0,1,2},
	{0,2,1},
	{1,0,2},
	{1,2,0},
	{2,0,1},
	{2,1,0}
	};
	}

	private String permutationString(int permutationIndex){
	String retString = "";
	for(int i = 0;i<_NO_OF_BINS;i++){
	retString += types[permutations[permutationIndex][i]];
	}
	return retString;
	}

	private void initState(){
	optMoveCount = -1;
	optPermutation = "";

	}

	/**
	* A brute-force algorithm to determine a bin
	* configuration that yield
	* optimal (minimum) bin movements.
	* @param input
	* @return a String that represents OPT bin
	* configuration that yields minimum movement.
	*/
	String getOPTConfiguration(int[][] input){
	initState();

	for (int pi = 0;pi<permutations.length;pi++){
	int currentMoveCount = 0;

	for (int bno=0;bno<_NO_OF_BINS;bno++){
	int allowedType = permutations[pi][bno];
	for(int btype = 0; btype<_BOTTLE_TYPES;btype++){
	if (allowedType!=btype){
	currentMoveCount += input[bno][btype];
	}
	}
	}

	String currentPermutation = permutationString(pi);

	if ((this.optMoveCount == -1) \|\|
	(currentMoveCount < optMoveCount) \|\|
	((currentMoveCount == optMoveCount) && (currentPermutation.compareTo(optPermutation)<0))){

	this.optMoveCount = currentMoveCount;
	this.optPermutation = currentPermutation;
	}
	}

	return optPermutation+" "+optMoveCount;
	}

	public void solve(){
	int[][] inputBottles = new int[_NO_OF_BINS][_BOTTLE_TYPES];
	while (in.hasNextInt()){
	for(int i = 0;i<_NO_OF_BINS;i++){
	for (int j=0;j<_BOTTLE_TYPES;j++){
	inputBottles[i][j] = in.nextInt();
	}
	}
	out.println(getOPTConfiguration(inputBottles));
	}
	}


	public static void main(String[] args) {
	Main binPackingSolver = new Main();
	binPackingSolver.solve();
	}

	}

view raw uva102.java hosted with ❤ by GitHub

Please leave a comment if you have any question/comment. Happy coding!

SPOJ 8545. Subset Sum (Main72) with Dynamic Programming and F#

The Subset Sum (Main72) problem, officially published in SPOJ, is about computing the sum of all integers that can be obtained from the summations over any subset of the given set (of integers). A naïve solution would be to derive all the subsets of the given set, which unfortunately would result in time complexity, given that is the number of elements in the set.

This post outlines a more efficient (pseudo-polynomial) solution to this problem using Dynamic Programming and F#. Additionally, we post C# code of the solution.

Note that we have solved a similar problem in Party Schedule (PARTY) with F# blog-post.

Interpretation¶

This problem provides a set of integers , and specifies the following constraints–

The size of the given set, i.e.,

, where the value of

is bounded by:

, the following condition holds:

Given this input, we would like to find all the integers: and is the sum of the items of any subset over . Afterward, we sum all these integers, and return it as the result to the problem instance.

In essence, we reduce this problem as follows: Given , can we express it using any subset over ? If yes, we include it in the solution set for summation. Interestingly, we realize that the stated problem is a special case of a more general problem called Subset Sum, given that the sum is .

Algorithm¶

What would be the maximum possible value for ? Indeed, is not practical at all, as can be bounded by the following upper limit: , i.e., the summation of all the items in . This observation effectively reduces the search space to , for a given .

It implies that a naïve algorithm would require to iterate all the subsets over and verify whether their sum is within . Recall that, due to its exponential time complexity, it is quite impractical .

Using dynamic programming technique, a pseudo-polynomial algorithm can be derived, as the problem has an inherent optimal substructure property. That is, a solution of an instance of the problem can be expressed as the solutions of its subproblems, as described next.

We define as the function that determines whether the summation over any subset can result in the integer . So, it yields if sum can be derived over any subset, otherwise, . Also, note that, and .

To define the recurrence, we describe in terms of its smaller subproblems as follows.

In Eq. (1), the first case refers to the fact that is larger than . Consequently, can not be included in the subset to derive . Then, the case 2 of Eq. (1) expresses the problem into two subproblems as follows: we can either ignore though , or we can include it. Using any case stated in Eq. (1), if we can derive i.e. = true, we can include it in the solution set.

As we can see overlapping subproblems, we realize that we can effectively solve them using a bottom-up dynamic programming approach. What about the base cases?

Using a table– dp, we can implement the stated algorithm as follows.

	let computeSubsetSum (set:int array, n:int, sum:int):int =
	// dp[i,j] = True, if subset of [0..i-1] sum
	// equals to :
	// j-set[i] => ith item is included
	// or
	// j => ith item is not included
	let dp:bool[,] = Array2D.zeroCreate (n+1) (sum+1)

	// This dp tries answer folloowing question, given a sum
	// j, whether we can derive it by summing any subset of
	// [0..i]. It computes this answer in bottom up manner,
	// hence, if starting from (i,j) if it can reach (i,0), the
	// answer is yes. Otherwise, if sum<>0 but i=0, then answer is
	// no due to the fact that, using any subsets, the sum cannot be
	// computed.

	// Therefore.
	// base case 1 : given sum = 0, answer is true
	// sum is zero with the provided set of items.
	// Hence, storing it as 0
	for i = 0 to n do
	dp.[i,0] <- true

	// base case 2 : sum <> 0 but OPT = empty -->
	// answer is false
	for j=1 to sum do
	dp.[0,j] <- false

	for i = 1 to n do
	let v_i = set.[i-1]
	for j = 1 to sum do
	dp.[i,j] <-
	if j - v_i < 0 then
	// we can't include i th item in OPT
	dp.[i-1,j]
	else
	dp.[i-1,j]\|\|dp.[i-1,j-v_i]

	let mutable result = 0
	for j=1 to sum do
	result <- result+
	( if dp.[n,j] = true then
	j
	else
	0
	)
	result

view raw SPOJ_MAIN72.fsx hosted with ❤ by GitHub

In essence, the N^th row in the table provides the set of integers that can be derived by summing over any subset . Thereby, we compute the summation of all these integers that satisfies subsum(N,j) = true, and returns it as the result.

Conclusion¶

Full source code of the solution can be downloaded from this gist. For C# source code, please visit following gist. Please leave a comment if you have any question/suggestion regarding this post.

Enough said… now, it’s time for a and a new problem. See you soon; till then, happy problem-solving!

Interpretation¶

The problem definition enforces following rules to perform the exchange. Consider, a Bytelandian gold coin —

It can be exchanged to three other coins, i.e.,

coins. Thus, coin

yields

value in bytelandian gold coins.

Alternatively,

coin can be exchanged for

dollars.

Our objective is to derive an algorithm that maximizes the dollars exchanged from the gold coin .

Algorithm¶

From the above interpretation, it is evident that the maximum achievable dollars, (from the exchange of coin ) can be computed as follows.

It effectively demonstrates an optimal substructure and therefore, hints to a dynamic programming (DP) technique to solve it. That is, for a coin , the optimal value of dollar is given by the following function.

We employ a top-down DP approach, as it seems more efficient than a bottom-up approach in this context. It is due to the fact that a bottom-up approach generally requires an OPT table to persist results of smaller subproblems. As in this case, the value of can be very large (i.e., , a bottom-up DP would require a very large array, and performs more computations. Hence, for the overlapping subproblems, we employ memoization.

	let computeMaxDollars (n:int) (memo:Dictionary<int64,int64>)=

	let rec computeMaxDollars' (ni:int64) =
	if ni = 0L \|\| ni = 1L then // base case
	ni
	else
	match memo\|> Memo.tryFind ni with
	\| Some (nx) -> nx // found in memo. Returning Result.
	\| None ->
	let f = computeMaxDollars'
	let nx =
	(ni/2L, ni/3L, ni/4L)
	\|> (fun (x,y,z) -> (f x) + (f y) + (f z))
	\|> (fun nx -> Math.Max(ni,nx))

	memo\|> Memo.add ni nx \|> ignore // storing the result in memo
	nx
	computeMaxDollars' (n\|>int64)

view raw spoj_COINS.fsx hosted with ❤ by GitHub

The following code snippet outlines the implementation of Memo.

	module Memo =
	let empty () = new Dictionary<int64,int64>()

	let add k v (memo:Dictionary<int64,int64>) =
	memo.[k] <- v; memo

	let tryFind k (memo:Dictionary<int64,int64>) =
	match memo.TryGetValue(k) with
	\| true, v -> Some(v)
	\| false,_ -> None

view raw spoj_COINS.fsx hosted with ❤ by GitHub

Full source code of the solution can be downloaded from this gist. Please leave a comment if you have any question/suggestion regarding this post.
Happy problem-solving!

	import java.io.PrintWriter;
	import java.util.Scanner;

	class Main {

	private final Scanner in;
	private final PrintWriter out;

	public Main(){
	in = new Scanner(System.in);
	out = new PrintWriter(System.out, true);
	}

	public Main(Scanner in, PrintWriter out){
	this.in = in;
	this.out = out;
	}

	private static int[] readLineAsIntegers(String input){
	String [] ints = input.trim().split(" ");
	int [] rets = new int[ints.length];

	for (int i = 0 ;i < ints.length; i++)
	rets[i] = Integer.parseInt(ints[i]);

	return rets;
	}

	private String solveLuggageProblem(int[] weights){
	final String _TRUE = "YES";
	final String _FALSE = "NO";

	int totalWeight = getTotalWeight(weights);

	if (totalWeight%2 != 0)
	return _FALSE;

	int n = weights.length+1;
	int halfWeight = totalWeight/2;

	boolean [][] dpTable = new boolean [n][halfWeight+1];

	// Base case 1: weights = 0 for all n --> True
	for(int i = 0;i<n;i++)
	dpTable[i][0] = true;

	// Base case 2: weights !=0 for all n=0 --> False
	for(int i = 1;i<halfWeight+1;i++)
	dpTable[0][i] = false;

	for (int i = 1; i< n; i++ ){

	for (int j = 1; j< halfWeight+1; j++){

	int w_i = weights[i-1]; // weight of ith item

	if(j<w_i) // this item can't be included since its over the limit:j
	dpTable[i][j] = dpTable[i-1][j];
	else
	dpTable[i][j] = dpTable[i-1][j] \|\| dpTable[i-1][j-w_i];
	}
	}

	return dpTable[n-1][halfWeight]==true?_TRUE:_FALSE;

	}

	private int getTotalWeight(int[] weights) {
	int totalWeight = 0;
	// compute total weight of the bags
	for(int indx =0;indx< weights.length;indx++){
	totalWeight += weights[indx];
	}
	return totalWeight;
	}

	public void run(){
	final int T = Integer.parseInt(in.nextLine().trim()); // no of test cases

	for (int i = 0 ; i< T ; i++){
	int [] weights = readLineAsIntegers(in.nextLine());

	// result:
	out.println(solveLuggageProblem(weights));
	}
	}


	public static void main(String[] args) {

	Main solveLuggageProblem = new Main();
	solveLuggageProblem.run();
	}

	}

Category: Algorithm

UVa 713. Adding Reversed Numbers

See Also

UVa 10664. Luggage

See Also

UVa 102. Ecological Bin Packing | with Brute-force search

SPOJ 8545. Subset Sum (Main72) with Dynamic Programming and F#

Interpretation¶

Algorithm¶

Conclusion¶

See Also

SPOJ 346. Bytelandian Gold Coins (COINS) with Dynamic Programming and F#

Interpretation¶

Algorithm¶